Find concave up and down calculator - 5.4 Concavity and inflection points. We know that the sign of the derivative tells us whether a function is increasing or decreasing; for example, when f′(x) > 0 f ′ ( x) > 0 , f(x) f ( x) is increasing. The sign of the second derivative f′′(x) f ″ ( x) tells us whether f′ f ′ is increasing or decreasing; we have seen that if f ...

 
Explanation: For the following exercises, determine a. intervals where f is increasing or decreasing, b. local minima and maxima off, c. intervals where f is concave up and concave down, and d. the inflection points of f. Sketch the curve, then use a calculator to compare your answer. If you cannot determine the exact answer analytically, use a .... Rylo you should lyrics

Here's the best way to solve it. 4. For the following functions, (i) determine all open intervals where f (x) is increasing, decreasing, concave up, and concave down, and ii) find all local maxima, local minima, and inflection points. Give all answers exactly, not as numerical approximations. (a) (x) - 2 for all z (b) f (x) = x-2 sinx for-2π ...This calculus video tutorial shows you how to find the intervals where the function is increasing and decreasing, the critical points or critical numbers, re...Concave Down. A graph or part of a graph which looks like an upside-down bowl or part of an upside-down bowl. See also. Concave up, concave.To find the y-intercept, you make all x-values ... If the second derivative is zero, the function is not concave up or down at that point. ... calculator. So ...Related questions. Find step-by-step Calculus solutions and your answer to the following textbook question: Find the intervals on which f is concave upward or concave downward, and find the inflection points of f. f (x) = x$^ {3}$ - 3x$^ {2}$ - 9x + 4.Discover the power of our Inflection Point Calculator: effortlessly identify changes in concavity and locate inflection points in various functions. ... The primary trait of an inflection point is the shift from concave up to concave down or the reverse. Not Necessarily a Stationary Point: While some inflection points can be stationary, ...Find the Concavity x^4. x4 x 4. Write x4 x 4 as a function. f (x) = x4 f ( x) = x 4. Find the x x values where the second derivative is equal to 0 0. Tap for more steps... x = 0 x = 0. The domain of the expression is all real numbers except where the expression is undefined. In this case, there is no real number that makes the expression undefined.We need to find the second derivative to determine concavity. f''(x) = -sinx - cosx Points of inflection occur when f''(x) = 0. cosx = -sinx This will occur at x = (3pi)/4 and (7pi)/4. We always need to check on both sides of the inflection point to make sure we go from positive to negative or negative to positive.... calculator can find ... How to Find Concavity from First Derivative Graph ... See the changes from positive to negative the function may concave down and from ...Graphically, a function is concave up if its graph is curved with the opening upward (Figure 1a). Similarly, a function is concave down if its graph opens ...2.6: Second Derivative and Concavity Second Derivative and Concavity. Graphically, a function is concave up if its graph is curved with the opening upward (Figure 1a). Similarly, a function is concave down if its graph opens downward (Figure 1b).. Figure 1. This figure shows the concavity of a function at several points.Finding the Intervals where a Function is Concave Up or Down f(x) = (x^2 + 3)/(x^2 - 1)If you enjoyed this video please consider liking, sharing, and subscri...A function is said to be concave up if the average rate of change increases as you move from left to right, and concave down if the average rate of change decreases. Is concave up or concave down? 𝜋. Play around with each of the other functions.Video Transcript. Consider the parametric curve 𝑥 is equal to one plus the sec of 𝜃 and 𝑦 is equal to one plus the tan of 𝜃. Determine whether this curve is concave up, down, or neither at 𝜃 is equal to 𝜋 by six. The question gives us a curve defined by a pair of parametric equations 𝑥 is some function of 𝜃 and 𝑦 is ...(5 points) Please answer the following questions about the function 3.22 f(x) = 22 - 25 (c) Calculate the second derivative off Find where fis concave up.concave down and has infection ponts "() Union of the intervals where f(x) is concave up Union of the intervals where f(x) is concave down infection points (d) The function is ? 2 because for an in the man of and therefore its graph is ...Calculating investment returns on stock or a portfolio of stocks is usually done in one of two ways. An ex post analysis looks at past returns. It is a reliable indicator because a... Whether it's to pass that big test, qualify for that big promotion or even master that cooking technique; people who rely on dummies, rely on it to learn the critical skills and relevant information necessary for success. You can locate a function's concavity (where a function is concave up or down) and inflection points (where the concavity ... Substitute any number from the interval (0, ∞) into the second derivative and evaluate to determine the concavity. Tap for more steps... Concave up on (0, ∞) since f′′ (x) is positive. The graph is concave down when the second derivative is negative and concave up when the second derivative is positive. Concave down on ( - ∞, 0) since ...Find the open intervals where f is concave up c. Find the open intervals where f is concave down \(1)\) \( f(x)=2x^2+4x+3 \) Show Point of Inflection. Curve segment that lies below its tangent lines is concave downward. Thus there are often points at which the graph changes from being concave up to concave down, or vice versa.Find any values of c such that f ″(c) = 0. (Enter your answer as a comma-separated list. If any answer does not exist, enter DNE). Find the interval(s) on which f is concave up. (Enter your answer using interval notation.) Find the interval(s) on which f is concave down. (Enter your answer using interval notation.) Find the inflection point of f.5. Click "Math," then "Inflection.". Hit the "diamond" or "second" button, then select F5 to open up "Math.". In the dropdown menu, select the option that says "Inflection.". [10] This is—you guessed it—how to tell your calculator to calculate inflection points. 6.Find any values of c such that f ″(c) = 0. (Enter your answer as a comma-separated list. If any answer does not exist, enter DNE). Find the interval(s) on which f is concave up. (Enter your answer using interval notation.) Find the interval(s) on which f is concave down. (Enter your answer using interval notation.) Find the inflection point of f.concavity. Have a question about using Wolfram|Alpha? Contact Pro Premium Expert Support ». Compute answers using Wolfram's breakthrough technology & knowledgebase, relied on by millions of students & professionals. For math, science, nutrition, history, geography, engineering, mathematics, linguistics, sports, finance, music….There is an inflection point at x=-1.75 and the function is concave down (nn) on the interval (-oo,-1.75), and it is concave up (uu) on the interval (-1.75,oo). Concavity and inflection points of a function can be determined by looking at the second derivative. If the second derivative is 0, it is an inflection point (IE where the graph changes concavity). If the second derivative is positive ...Calculus. Find the Concavity f (x)=x^4-9x^3. f(x) = x4 - 9x3. Find the x values where the second derivative is equal to 0. Tap for more steps... x = 0, 9 2. The domain of the expression is all real numbers except where the expression is undefined. In this case, there is no real number that makes the expression undefined. Interval Notation:Concavity introduction. Google Classroom. About. Transcript. Sal introduces the concept of concavity, what it means for a graph to be "concave up" or "concave down," and how this relates to the second derivative of a function. Created by Sal Khan. Questions. Tips & Thanks.The graph is concave down when the second derivative is negative and concave up when the second derivative is positive. Concave up on since is positive. Concave down on since is negative. Concave up on since is positive. Step 9concavity. Have a question about using Wolfram|Alpha? Contact Pro Premium Expert Support ». Compute answers using Wolfram's breakthrough technology & knowledgebase, relied on by millions of students & professionals. For math, science, nutrition, history, geography, engineering, mathematics, linguistics, sports, finance, music….The calculator will try to find the domain, range, x-intercepts, y-intercepts, derivative, integral, asymptotes, intervals of increase and decrease, critical (stationary) points, extrema (minimum and maximum, local, relative, absolute, and global) points, intervals of concavity, inflection points, limit, Taylor polynomial, and graph of the single-variable function. Here’s the best way to solve it. 1. You are given a function f (x) whose domain is all real numbers. Describe in a short paragraph how you could sketch the graph without a calculator. Include how to find intervals where f is increasing or decreasing, how to find intervals where f is concave up or down, and how to find local extrema and points ... Example 5.4.1. Describe the concavity of f(x) = x3 − x. Solution. The first dervative is f ′ (x) = 3x2 − 1 and the second is f ″ (x) = 6x. Since f ″ (0) = 0, there is potentially an inflection point at zero. Since f ″ (x) > 0 when x > 0 and f ″ (x) < 0 when x < 0 the concavity does change from down to up at zero, and the curve is ...Calculate parabola vertex given equation step-by-step. parabola-function-vertex-calculator. en. Related Symbolab blog posts. Practice, practice, practice. Math can be an intimidating subject. Each new topic we learn has symbols and problems we have never seen. The unknowing...f (x) = x4 − 8x2 + 8 f ( x) = x 4 - 8 x 2 + 8. Find the x x values where the second derivative is equal to 0 0. Tap for more steps... x = 2√3 3,− 2√3 3 x = 2 3 3, - 2 3 3. The domain of the expression is all real numbers except where the expression is undefined. In this case, there is no real number that makes the expression undefined.An inflection point is defined as a point on the curve in which the concavity changes. (i.e) sign of the curvature changes. We know that if f ” > 0, then the function is concave up and if f ” < 0, then the function is concave down. If the function changes from positive to negative, or from negative to positive, at a specific point x = c ...Let f (x)-1- 2r3+8 6. Find the open intervals on which f is concave up (down) Then determine the r-coordinates of all infilection points of f 1. f is concave up on the intervals -1,0) 2. f is concave down on the intervals -inf-1) U (O,inf) 3. The inflection points occur at z0-1 Notes: In the first two, your answer should either be a single ...Free simplify calculator - simplify algebraic expressions step-by-stepFinding where ... Usually our task is to find where a curve is concave upward or concave downward:. Definition. A line drawn between any two points on the curve won't cross over the curve:. Let's make a formula for that! First, the line: take any two different values a and b (in the interval we are looking at):. Then "slide" between a and b using a value t (which is from 0 to 1):By observing the change in concave up and concave down on the graph, one can easily determine the inflection point. Inflection point on graph From the above graph, it can be seen that the graph ...Consequently, to determine the intervals where a function \(f\) is concave up and concave down, we look for those values of \(x\) where \(f^{\prime\prime}(x) = 0\) or \(f^{\prime\prime}(x)\) is undefined. When we have determined these points, we divide the domain of \(f\) into smaller intervals and determine the sign of \(f^{\prime\prime ...Consequently, to determine the intervals where a function \(f\) is concave up and concave down, we look for those values of \(x\) where \(f''(x)=0\) or \(f''(x)\) is undefined. When we have determined these points, we divide the domain of \(f\) into smaller intervals and determine the sign of \(f''\) over each of these smaller intervals. If \(f ... Informal Definition. Geometrically, a function is concave up when the tangents to the curve are below the graph of the function. Using Calculus to determine concavity, a function is concave up when its second derivative is positive and concave down when the second derivative is negative. This problem has been solved! You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. Question: Find the interval where the function is concave up. Find the. Find the interval where the function is concave up. Find the interval where the function is concave down. Here's the best way to solve it.Explanation: For the following exercises, determine a. intervals where f is increasing or decreasing, b. local minima and maxima off, c. intervals where f is concave up and concave down, and d. the inflection points of f. Sketch the curve, then use a calculator to compare your answer. If you cannot determine the exact answer analytically, use a ...Step-by-Step Examples. Calculus. Applications of Differentiation. Find the Concavity. f (x) = x5 − 8 f ( x) = x 5 - 8. Find the x x values where the second derivative is equal to 0 0. Tap for more steps... x = 0 x = 0. The domain of the expression is all real numbers except where the expression is undefined.Explore math with our beautiful, free online graphing calculator. Graph functions, plot points, visualize algebraic equations, add sliders, animate graphs, and more. Concavity finder. Save Copy. Log InorSign Up. Type the function below after the f(x) = . Then simply click the red line and where it intersects to find the point of concavity.c) Find the critical numbers of f and use the Second. Here's the best way to solve it. 4 a) Determine the intervals on which is concave up and concave down, f is concave up on f is concave down on: b) Based on your answer to part (a), determine the inflection points of S. Each point should be entered as an ordered pair (that is in the form (x ...Inflection points are found in a way similar to how we find extremum points. However, instead of looking for points where the derivative changes its sign, we are looking for points where the second derivative changes its sign. Let's find, for example, the inflection points of f ( x) = 1 2 x 4 + x 3 − 6 x 2 . The second derivative of f is f ...We can calculate the second derivative to determine the concavity of the function's curve at any point. Calculate the second derivative. Substitute the value of x. If f " (x) > 0, the graph is concave upward at that value of x. If f " (x) = 0, the graph may have a point of inflection at that value of x. How do you find concave upwards and ...This problem has been solved! You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. Question: Determine the intervals on which the given function is concave up or down and find the points of inflection. Letf (x)= (x^2-6)e^xInflection Point (s) = ____The left-most interval is ___ and on this interval f ...Find Concave Up And Down Calculator . Computerbasedmath one simple and interesting idea is that when we translate up and down the graph ...Calculus questions and answers. Determine the intervals on which the graph of 𝑦=𝑓 (𝑥) is concave up or concave down, and find the points of inflection. 𝑓 (𝑥) = (𝑥^ (2) − 9) 𝑒^𝑥 Provide intervals in the form (∗,∗). Use the symbol ∞ for infinity, ∪ for combining intervals, and an appropriate type of parenthesis ...You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. Question: Step 1 of 2: Determine the intervals on which the function is concave upward and concave downward. Step 2 of 2: Determine the x-coordinates of any inflection point (s) in the graph. Here's the best way to solve it. 1.The turning point at ( 0, 0) is known as a point of inflection. This is characterized by the concavity changing from concave down to concave up (as in function ℎ) or concave up to concave down. Now that we have the definitions, let us look at how we would determine the nature of a critical point and therefore its concavity.A function is graphed. The x-axis is unnumbered. The graph is a curve. The curve starts on the positive y-axis, moves upward concave up and ends in quadrant 1. An area between the curve and the axes in quadrant 1 is shaded. The shaded area is divided into 4 rectangles of equal width that touch the curve at the top left corners.Free Pre-Algebra, Algebra, Trigonometry, Calculus, Geometry, Statistics and Chemistry calculators step-by-stepWe can use the second derivative of a function to determine regions where a function is concave up vs. concave down. First Derivative Information ... is negative, so we can conclude that the function is increasing and concave down on this interval. We can also calculate that [latex]f(0)=0[/latex], giving us a base point for the graph. Using ...Transcript. Inflection points are points where the function changes concavity, i.e. from being "concave up" to being "concave down" or vice versa. They can be found by considering where the second derivative changes signs. In similar to critical points in the first derivative, inflection points will occur when the second derivative is either ...Determine the intervals on which the function is concave up or down and find the points of inflection. 𝑦=13𝑥2+ln(𝑥)(𝑥>0)y=13x2+ln⁡(x)(x>0)Inflection points calculator. An inflection point is a point on the curve where concavity changes from concave up to concave down or vice versa. Let's illustrate the above with an example. Consider the function shown in the figure. From figure it follows that on the interval the graph of the function is convex up (or concave down). On the ...Jun 2, 2014 · Details. To visualize the idea of concavity using the first derivative, consider the tangent line at a point. Recall that the slope of the tangent line is precisely the derivative. As you move along an interval, if the slope of the line is increasing, then is increasing and so the function is concave up. Similarly, if the slope of the line is ... By Ezmeralda Lee A graphing calculator is necessary for many different kinds of math. Not only does it do math much faster than almost any person, but it is also capable of perform...Are you in need of a reliable calculator software but don’t want to spend a fortune on it? Look no further. In this article, we will guide you through the process of finding and do...Plug an x-value from each interval into the second derivative: f(-2) < 0, so the first interval is concave down, while f(0) > 0, so the second interval is concave up. This agrees with the graph.Calculate parabola vertex given equation step-by-step. parabola-function-vertex-calculator. en. Related Symbolab blog posts. Practice, practice, practice. Math can be an intimidating subject. Each new topic we learn has symbols and problems we have never seen. The unknowing...Determine the intervals on which the given function is concave up or concave down and find the points of inflection. 𝑓(𝑥)=4𝑥𝑒−7𝑥 (Use symbolic notation and fractions where needed. Give your answer as a comma separated list of points in the form in the form (∗,∗). Enter DNE if there are no points of inflection.) points of ...Calculus. Find the Concavity f (x)=x^4-24x^2. f (x) = x4 − 24x2 f ( x) = x 4 - 24 x 2. Find the x x values where the second derivative is equal to 0 0. Tap for more steps... x = 2,−2 x = 2, - 2. The domain of the expression is all real numbers except where the expression is undefined. In this case, there is no real number that makes the ...f (x) = x³ is increasing on (-∞,∞). A function f (x) increases on an interval I if f (b) ≥ f (a) for all b > a, where a,b in I. If f (b) > f (a) for all b>a, the function is said to be strictly increasing. x³ is not strictly increasing, but it does meet the criteria … For f (x) = − x 3 + 3 2 x 2 + 18 x, f (x) = − x 3 + 3 2 x 2 + 18 x, find all intervals where f f is concave up and all intervals where f f is concave down. We now summarize, in Table 4.1 , the information that the first and second derivatives of a function f f provide about the graph of f , f , and illustrate this information in Figure 4.37 . We can use the second derivative of a function to determine regions where a function is concave up vs. concave down. First Derivative Information ... is negative, so we can conclude that the function is increasing and concave down on this interval. We can also calculate that [latex]f(0)=0[/latex], giving us a base point for the graph. Using ...The second derivative tells whether the curve is concave up or concave down at that point. If the second derivative is positive at a point, the graph is bending upwards at that point. Similarly, if the second derivative is negative, the graph is concave down. This is of particular interest at a critical point where the tangent line is flat and ...If you're cutting things close this year and you still haven't done your Thanksgiving grocery shopping, Instructables has a handy Excel spreadsheet designed to help you calculate w...Concave down at a point ‘a’ if and only if f’’(x) <0; Concave up at a point ‘a’ if and only if f’’(x) > 0; Where f’’ is the second derivative of the function. Graphically representation: From the graph, we see that the graph shows two different trends before and after the inflection point. How to calculate the inflection point?Determine the intervals on which the given function is concave up or down and find the point of inflection. If f(x) = x(x - 5(sqrt x)) ... On this interval, f is (concave up or down.) I'm struggling calculating the second derivative and isolating for x to find the inflection points, can someone walk me through this problem, please? Many thanks.The graph is concave down when the second derivative is negative and concave up when the second derivative is positive. Concave down on (−∞,0) ( - ∞, 0) since f ''(x) f ′′ ( x) is …where g(x) is concave up and concave down. -4 3. 2. 2 3 4. Find the x-coordinate of all points of inflection for the function g(x). x = - 21 0,1. Page 7. -4-3-2 ...Symbolab is the best step by step calculator for a wide range of physics problems, including mechanics, electricity and magnetism, and thermodynamics. ... To solve math problems step-by-step start by reading the problem carefully and understand what you are being asked to find. Next, identify the relevant information, define the variables, and ...Find the open t-intervals where the parametric Equations are Concave up and Concave DownIf you enjoyed this video please consider liking, sharing, and subscr...The intervals of convexity (concavity) of a function can easily be found by using the following theorem: If the second derivative of the function is positive on certain interval, then the …A concave mirror has a reflecting surface that bulges inward.Unlike convex mirrors, Concave mirrors reflect light inward to one focal point. The diagram showing the focus, focal length, principal axis, centre of curvature,etc. Concave Mirror Equation Formula : 1/f = 1/d 0 + 1/d i. Where, f - Focal length, d i - Image distance, d 0 - Object ...Free online graphing calculator - graph functions, conics, and inequalities interactively

And the inflection point is where it goes from concave upward to concave downward (or vice versa). Example: y = 5x 3 + 2x 2 − 3x. Let's work out the second derivative: The derivative is y' = 15x2 + 4x − 3. The second derivative is y'' = 30x + 4. And 30x + 4 is negative up to x = −4/30 = −2/15, positive from there onwards.. Iowa 4 soil temp

find concave up and down calculator

This problem has been solved! You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. Question: Determine the intervals on which the given function is concave up or down and find the points of inflection. Letf (x)= (x^2-6)e^xInflection Point (s) = ____The left-most interval is ___ and on this interval f ...Step 1: Finding the second derivative. To find the inflection points of f , we need to use f ″ : f ′ ( x) = 5 x 4 + 20 3 x 3 f ″ ( x) = 20 x 3 + 20 x 2 = 20 x 2 ( x + 1) Step 2: Finding all candidates. Similar to critical points, these are points where f ″ ( x) = 0 or where f ″ ( x) is undefined. f ″ is zero at x = 0 and x = − 1 ...How much you actually make per year or per hour at your job is a bit more complicated than estimating working hours and multiplying by the hourly wage in your contract. Once you ca...For a quadratic function f (x) = ax2 +bx + c, if a > 0, then f is concave upward everywhere, if a < 0, then f is concave downward everywhere. Wataru · 6 · Sep 21 2014.Let's take a look at an example of that. Example 1 For the following function identify the intervals where the function is increasing and decreasing and the intervals where the function is concave up and concave down. Use this information to sketch the graph. h(x) = 3x5−5x3+3 h ( x) = 3 x 5 − 5 x 3 + 3. Show Solution.Subject classifications. A function f (x) is said to be concave on an interval [a,b] if, for any points x_1 and x_2 in [a,b], the function -f (x) is convex on that interval (Gradshteyn and Ryzhik 2000).Find where its graph is concave up and concave down. Find the relative extrema and inflection points and sketch the graph of the function. f (x)=x^5-5x Concavity Practice …Solution: Since f′(x) = 3x2 − 6x = 3x(x − 2) , our two critical points for f are at x = 0 and x = 2 . We used these critical numbers to find intervals of increase/decrease as well as local extrema on previous slides. Meanwhile, f″ (x) = 6x − 6 , so the only subcritical number is at x = 1 . It's easy to see that f″ is negative for x ...A pentagon is the name for a five-sided polygon. However, there are different types of five-sided polygons, such as irregular, regular, concave and convex pentagons. If, in a five-...f (x) = x4 − 8x2 + 8 f ( x) = x 4 - 8 x 2 + 8. Find the x x values where the second derivative is equal to 0 0. Tap for more steps... x = 2√3 3,− 2√3 3 x = 2 3 3, - 2 3 3. The domain of the expression is all real numbers except where the expression is undefined. In this case, there is no real number that makes the expression undefined.Free Pre-Algebra, Algebra, Trigonometry, Calculus, Geometry, Statistics and Chemistry calculators step-by-stepc) Determine intervals where f is concave up or concave down. (Enter your answers using interval notation.) 1) concave up. 2) concave down. Determine the locations of inflection points of f. Sketch the curve, then use a calculator to compare your answer. If you cannot determine the exact answer analytically, use a calculator. Explore math with our beautiful, free online graphing calculator. Graph functions, plot points, visualize algebraic equations, add sliders, animate graphs, and more. Video Transcript. Consider the parametric curve 𝑥 is equal to one plus the sec of 𝜃 and 𝑦 is equal to one plus the tan of 𝜃. Determine whether this curve is concave up, down, or neither at 𝜃 is equal to 𝜋 by six. The question gives us a curve defined by a pair of parametric equations 𝑥 is some function of 𝜃 and 𝑦 is ...Learning Objectives. 4.5.1 Explain how the sign of the first derivative affects the shape of a function's graph.; 4.5.2 State the first derivative test for critical points.; 4.5.3 Use concavity and inflection points to explain how the sign of the second derivative affects the shape of a function's graph.; 4.5.4 Explain the concavity test for a function over an open interval.Explore math with our beautiful, free online graphing calculator. Graph functions, plot points, visualize algebraic equations, add sliders, animate graphs, and more. ... Log InorSign Up. In this Desmos calculator we'll look at convex sets and convex functions. 1. Note: If you keep each point inside the curve you'll notice that the dot will stay ...(Enter your answer using interval notation.) (c) Find the local maximum and minimum values. local maximum value local minimum value (d) Find the interval(s) on which f is concave up. (Enter your answer using interval notation.) Find the interval(s) on which f is concave down. (Enter your answer using interval notation.) Find the inflection point.Find the open intervals where f is concave up. c. Find the open intervals where f is concave down. 1) f(x) = 2x2 + 4x + 3. Show Point of Inflection. Show Concave Up Interval. Show …concavity. Concavity describes the behavior of the slope of the tangent line of a function such that concavity is positive if the slope is increasing, negative if the slope is decreasing, and zero if the slope is constant. decreasing function. A decreasing function is one with a graph that goes down from left to right.Related questions. Find step-by-step Calculus solutions and your answer to the following textbook question: Find the intervals on which f is concave upward or concave downward, and find the inflection points of f. f (x) = x$^ {3}$ - 3x$^ {2}$ - 9x + 4..

Popular Topics