Elizabeth T. Gray, Jr. April 10, 2022. Rumi, Gold, translated by Haleh Liza Gafori, New York Review Books (image courtesy New York Review Books) I’ll be frustrated, dull and barren as a stone ...1. Salam (سلام) Translating simply to “hello,” this is the most common greeting in Persian. Salam (سلام) literally means “peace,” and the response back would generally be the same. It is shortened from the original Arabic greeting salam-aleykom (سلام عليكم), meaning “peace be upon you,” though this full phrase can ... The most popular languages for translation. Translate from Persian to English online - a free and easy-to-use translation tool. Simply enter your text, and Yandex Translate will provide you with a quick and accurate translation in seconds. Try Yandex Translate for your Persian to English translations today and experience seamless communication! The Persian Translation tool includes online translator, translation dictionaries, text to voice online for a number of languages, multilingual virtual keyboard, online spell … Razmnama. The Razmnāma (Book of War) (رزم نامہ) is a Persian translation of the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata, commissioned by the Mughal Emperor Akbar. In 1574, Akbar started a Maktab Khana or "House of Translation" in his new capital at Fatehpur Sikri. He assigned a group to translate the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and ... منتقد هنری. ۴ دقیقه پیش. «فسیل» که از نظر رقمی به پرفروشترین فیلم تاریخ سینمای ایران بدل شده و بیش از هفت و ...1. Salam (سلام) Translating simply to “hello,” this is the most common greeting in Persian. Salam (سلام) literally means “peace,” and the response back would generally be the same. It is shortened from the original Arabic greeting salam-aleykom (سلام عليكم), meaning “peace be upon you,” though this full phrase can ... The IMS translation was performed using the Brislin method and the translators agreed on the consistency of the Persian edition of the IMS with the original version. The results of the content validity analysis showed that the experts agreed the 27 items of the IMS had acceptable content validity, which is consistent with the original study by ... English. Spanish. Arabic. Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages.Jun 13, 2016 · Translation of the Meanings of The Noble Quran in the Farsi / Persian Language This Farsi / Persian translation was sponsored by the Saudi government and is provided free. Publisher: King Fahd Complex For The Printing Of The Holy Qur’an Madinah, K.S.A. THE VERNACULAR QUR’AN TRANSLATION AND THE RISE OF PERSIAN EXEGESIS T R AV I S Z A D E H THE VERNACULAR QUR’AN This book examines how early juridical and theological debates on translatability and the nature of revelation and language informed the development of Persian translations and commentaries of the Qur’an. The Persian translation was composed in the Jaunpur Sultanate during the rule of Maḥmūd Šāh Šarqī (r. 844-862/1440-1457) by a certain Tāj al-Dīn Muftī al-Malikī under the patronage of the muqṭi‘ (fief-holder) of Bihar, Naṣīr al-Dawla wa al-Dīn, also mentioned in contemporary inscriptions as Naṣīr ibn Bahā (fl. 847-859/ ... Most Popular Phrases for English to Persian Translation. Communicate smoothly and use a free online translator to translate text, words, phrases, or documents between 5,900+ …Another common phrase when translated from English to Persian or English to Farsi is ‘sobh bekheyr’ or ‘sobh bekheir’ which means ‘good morning.’. This phrase has gotten some traffic in the English-speaking community thanks to its use in many movies in TV shows. Using the Arabic alphabet, ‘sobh bekheyr’ or ‘sobh bekheir ...Abstract and Figures. Summary This thesis is about ‘naturalness’ in the translation of novels from English into Persian. It studies, describes and explains the cultural and linguistic factors ...Both parts of the original questionnaire (SSS and FSS) were independently translated into Persian by two individual translators. The translated questionnaires were merged after being discussed by the previously-mentioned translators. The merged translation was revised and confirmed by orthopedic researchers. Translate between up to 133 languages. Feature support varies by language: • Text: Translate between languages by typing. • Offline: Translate with no internet connection. • Instant camera translation: Translate text in images instantly by just pointing your camera. • Photos: Translate text in taken or imported photos. Translate video. Select the "Subtitles" tab from the left sidebar, then choose "Auto subtitles." Pick the original language of your video (or audio) and the language you'd like to translate to. Now, an automatic transcript and subtitles will be generated in seconds in the language you've chosen. Download and share.Jun 16, 2023 · Here is a list of the top Persian verbs you need to learn, along with their English translations and example sentences: 1. رفتن – to go. .من به فروشگاه رفتم (man be forushgâh raftam) – I went to the store. 2. خوردن – to eat. .صبحانه من شامل: پنیر، نان و شیر بود (sobhâneye man shâmele ... Check out Glosbe English - Persian translator that uses latest AI achievements to give you most accurate translations as you type.cultural translation strategies. That is to say, "equivalence" was the most frequent one, – 9-4456 -2019 – in an English book as a source text (ST), and its two Persian translations as target ...May 14, 2013 · This research sought to investigate explicitation as a translation universal based on a contrastive analysis between Persian and English languages to confirm the process of explicitation and to investigate the explicitation devices adopted in the Persian translation of the conjunctions between sentences and clauses in an English text. Explicitation has been one of the most important topics in ... English. Spanish. Arabic. Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages.Online Farsi translation tool instantly translates text. This Farsi translator supports Persian, English, Spanish, German, Swedish and French.May 14, 2013 · This research sought to investigate explicitation as a translation universal based on a contrastive analysis between Persian and English languages to confirm the process of explicitation and to investigate the explicitation devices adopted in the Persian translation of the conjunctions between sentences and clauses in an English text. Explicitation has been one of the most important topics in ... Persian definition: of or relating to ancient and recent Persia (now Iran), its people, or their language.. See examples of PERSIAN used in a sentence.Useful Persian (Farsi) phrases. A collection of useful phrases in Persian (Farsi), an Indo-Iranian language spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and a number of other countries. Jump to phrases. See these phrases in any combination of two languages in …The author gives a thorough overview of the development of Persian exegetical writing, from rhyming translations to major commentaries, starting with the emergence of New Persian literature in the tenth century and continuing on until the institutionalisation of Persian as a language that rivalled Arabic in courts and …Persian to English Translation Service can translate from Persian to English language. Additionally, it can also translate Persian into over 160 other languages. Free Online Persian to English Online Translation Service. The Persian to English translator can translate text, words and phrases into over 100 languages.This Persian to English translator can be used by anyone that includes individuals (like students, teachers), professionals (like doctors, engineers, content writers & bloggers), or a company of any size. However, being an automated English translation tool, there are some restrictions. It can't be used for legal purposes.NVIDIA NeMo is an end-to-end platform for the development of multimodal generative AI models at scale anywhere—on any cloud and on-premises.. The NeMo …English. Spanish. Arabic. Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages.Translation of “I Love You” in Farsi. In Farsi, the phrase “I love you” can be translated as “دوستت دارم” (doostet daram). This literal translation conveys the sentiment of love and affection towards someone. It is a commonly used phrase among Farsi speakers to express their deep feelings for someone they care about.Methods: The "forward-backward" procedure was applied to translate the SpNQ from English into Persian. The SpNQ-Persian Version (SpNQ-PV) was checked in terms of validity and reliability with a convenience sample of 100 elders with chronic diseases who were recruited from the inpatient wards at two university hospitals in Qom, Iran.1. Say "mam'noon" (mæm'nun). This is a common version of "thank you" in Persian, and mam'noon is written as ممنون in the Persian alphabet. It's most often used as a way for thanking someone for doing something simple. You can easily add "am" to the end of the word and say "mam'noonam", which sounds a little bit ladylike, but the usage is ...Translate. Detect language → English. Google home; Send feedback; Privacy and terms; Switch to full siteFor instruction on how to enable Farsi keyboard on iPhone or Android phone please visit Farsi Dictionary Mobile. The first and most popular free online Farsi (Persian)/English Dictionary with easy to use Farsi keyboard, two-way word lookup, multi-language smart translator, English lessons, educational games, and more with mobile and smartphone ...Ashouri‟s translation seems to be a speakable/performable translation of the play for Persian readers/audience. As Dr. Meghdadi asserts in his epilogue to Ashouri‟s translation calls it “the definitive” translation of Macbeth into Persian, either for reading or performance. As Meghdadi asserts only about 8.5 percent of Macbeth is ...Online Farsi translation tool instantly translates text. This Farsi translator supports Persian, English, Spanish, German, Swedish and French.Abstract and Figures. Summary This thesis is about ‘naturalness’ in the translation of novels from English into Persian. It studies, describes and explains the cultural and linguistic factors ... Another common phrase when translated from English to Persian or English to Farsi is ‘sobh bekheyr’ or ‘sobh bekheir’ which means ‘good morning.’. This phrase has gotten some traffic in the English-speaking community thanks to its use in many movies in TV shows. Using the Arabic alphabet, ‘sobh bekheyr’ or ‘sobh bekheir ... Another common phrase when translated from English to Persian or English to Farsi is ‘sobh bekheyr’ or ‘sobh bekheir’ which means ‘good morning.’. This phrase has gotten some traffic in the English-speaking community thanks to its use in many movies in TV shows. Using the Arabic alphabet, ‘sobh bekheyr’ or ‘sobh bekheir ...Mar 18, 2024 · The translation process of the NQOLS followed the model proposed by Wild et al. The content validity of the Persian version of the scale was evaluated using the Content Validity Index (CVI) and Content Validity Ratio (CVR). Structural validity was assessed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Biography. Pouneh Shabani-Jadidi is Instructional Professor of Persian in the Department of Near Eastern Language and Civilizations at the University of Chicago, USA.She holds a Ph.D. in linguistics from the University of Ottawa, Canada (2012) as well as a Ph.D. in applied linguistics with a focus on translation from Tehran Azad University, Iran (2004).A Persian leopard was seen roaming near Balochistan's Nani Mandir, an important site for Hindu pilgrimage, after many years.The rare leopard was located by a …However, with our mobile apps, you can translate text extracted from PDF files, but won't receive a downloadable PDF translation. PDF document translation is a straightforward process. On the web translator, simply: 1. Create a free DeepL account. 2. Click on "Translate files" 3. Select the file on your computer. 4. Choose your desired target ...This article presents a description and analysis of a Persian translation and commentary of the Qurʾān, entitled Tafsīr-i munīr, by Abū Naṣr al-Ḥaddādī (d. after 400/1009), the earliest exegetical work in Persian whose author can be identified. Ahmadi (2017) also analyzed the translation of three novels of "lord of the flies", "the old man and the sea", and "animal farm" into Persian. As it was expected, "translation by paraphrase" was the most frequently used strategy with a percentage of 42.3%. English. Spanish. Arabic. Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages.Summary table of Persian Proverbs. مرغ همسایه غازه — “The Neighbour’s chicken is a goose”. هر گردی گردو نیست — “Not everything that’s round is a walnut”. هم خدا را می خواهد، هم خرما را — “He/She wants both God and the date”. با یک دست نمی توان دو ... The Persian translation was composed in the Jaunpur Sultanate during the rule of Maḥmūd Šāh Šarqī (r. 844-862/1440-1457) by a certain Tāj al-Dīn Muftī al-Malikī under the patronage of the muqṭi‘ (fief-holder) of Bihar, Naṣīr al-Dawla wa al-Dīn, also mentioned in contemporary inscriptions as Naṣīr ibn Bahā (fl. 847-859/ ... بنیاد دیدهبان اینترنت (ای دبلیو اف) میگوید در سال ۲۰۲۳ بیش از دو هزار تصویر سوءاستفاده جنسی از کودکان ۳ تا ...Persian to English Translation Service can translate from Persian to English language. Additionally, it can also translate Persian into over 160 other languages. Free Online Persian to English Online Translation Service. The Persian to English translator can translate text, words and phrases into over 100 languages.Right-to-Left (RTL) Language Support. As part of our mission to create a world where everyone can belong, we help connect more than 300 million Arabic, and Hebrew-speakers with support for right-to-left (RTL) languages - including enhanced support of cursive scripts, rendering of complex text layouts, document layout mirroring, and text alignment for … The IMS translation was performed using the Brislin method and the translators agreed on the consistency of the Persian edition of the IMS with the original version. The results of the content validity analysis showed that the experts agreed the 27 items of the IMS had acceptable content validity, which is consistent with the original study by ... The author gives a thorough overview of the development of Persian exegetical writing, from rhyming translations to major commentaries, starting with the emergence of New Persian literature in the tenth century and continuing on until the institutionalisation of Persian as a language that rivalled Arabic in courts and …This Persian to English translator can be used by anyone that includes individuals (like students, teachers), professionals (like doctors, engineers, content writers & bloggers), or a company of any size. However, being an automated English translation tool, there are some restrictions. It can't be used for legal purposes.Aug 19, 2018 · We created our own story opening line of “Once upon a day and once upon a time under the purple dome of the sky…” Thus, the English part is not a translation of the Persian, and the Persian part is not a translation of the English. Rather, it is a joint effort in a combined type of writing to convey the flair and nuances of both languages. Here are the lyrics and English translation of Bi Khabar Az To by Hojat Ashrafzadeh. bi khabaram az to / I haven’t heard from you. o man tâb nadâram / and I can’t stand it anymore. bade to khod râ be ke bâyad besepâram / after you, who should I entrust myself to. az del-e man kam nashode mehr -e to mâham / my love for you hasn’t ...This article presents the first in-depth textual analysis of the Razmnamah (Book of War), the Persian translation of the Mahabharata sponsored by the Mughal emperor Akbar in the late sixteenth century. I argue that the Razmnamah was a central literary work in the Mughal court and of deep relevance to Akbar’s imperial and political … Dutch - English (British) French - German. French - Romanian. Persian-to-English translation is made accessible with Translate.com. Accurate translations for words, phrases, and texts online. Fast, accurate, and free. Mar 25, 2023 · Quran Persian (High Resolution) PDF Latest 2020 edition. ... [PDF] Quran Persian translation (ترجمه فارسی قرآن) Bookreader Item Preview The Persian translation of the CERQ was developed with a back-translation procedure. Two bilingual (Persian - Engli sh) ps ychologists t ranslated the English ver sion of the CE RQ into Per sian.Use the free Persian ↔ English Translator from PONS! Translate words, phrases, texts instantly in 38 languages.A collection of postcards with paintings of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, by Indian artist M. V. Dhurandhar. Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám is the title that Edward FitzGerald gave to his 1859 translation from Persian to English of a selection of quatrains ( rubāʿiyāt) attributed to Omar Khayyam (1048–1131), dubbed "the Astronomer-Poet of ...1. Say "mam'noon" (mæm'nun). This is a common version of "thank you" in Persian, and mam'noon is written as ممنون in the Persian alphabet. It's most often used as a way for thanking someone for doing something simple. You can easily add "am" to the end of the word and say "mam'noonam", which sounds a little bit ladylike, but the usage is ...Translation of “I Love You” in Farsi. In Farsi, the phrase “I love you” can be translated as “دوستت دارم” (doostet daram). This literal translation conveys the sentiment of love and affection towards someone. It is a commonly used phrase among Farsi speakers to express their deep feelings for someone they care about.Translate from Persian to English online - a free and easy-to-use translation tool. Simply enter your text, and Yandex Translate will provide you with a quick and accurate translation in seconds. Try Yandex Translate for your Persian to English translations today and experience seamless communication!Tense. Instructions on Tense and Aspect: Tense is the time of an action. In all languages, tense is categorized in to three types, namely: (a) present tense, (b) past tense, and (c) future tense. “It was raining yesterday.”. “Last year, I was going to Pakistan.”. “It is raining today.”. “I am going to Pakistan.”.Twice, in 2000 and 2001, he received the Translation Award of the International Society for Iranian Studies, and in 2001 he received an Encyclopedia Iranica award for “services to Persian poetry.” His translation of Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh: the Persian Book of Kings was chosen as one of the “ten best books of 2006” by the …Check out Glosbe English - Persian translator that uses latest AI achievements to give you most accurate translations as you type.Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages.The mean scores and standard deviations on the Persian SQOL-M, the IIEF and the WAI were 53.8 (12), 48.2 (14.4), and 37.7 (6.8), respectively. The descriptive results for the IIEF and WAI subscales are reported in Table 3. Interitem correlations and the mean (SD) of all the 11 items on the Persian translation of the SQOL-M are reported in Table 4.The present study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of a Persian translation of the revised heart failure compliance questionnaire (RHFCQ) in Iranian HF sufferers. Methods: This methodological study was performed on outpatient HF individuals referred to a heart clinic in Isfahan, Iran. The forward-backward translation method was …In this paper, efforts have been made to investigate the strategies used in translating colloquial expressions in English-language films subtitled in Persian. The colloquial expressions were classified based on the combination of taxonomies presented by McCrimmon (1963) and Holmes (1992). The data was gathered from two American …Elizabeth T. Gray, Jr. April 10, 2022. Rumi, Gold, translated by Haleh Liza Gafori, New York Review Books (image courtesy New York Review Books) I’ll be frustrated, dull and barren as a stone ...Translate video. Select the "Subtitles" tab from the left sidebar, then choose "Auto subtitles." Pick the original language of your video (or audio) and the language you'd like to translate to. Now, an automatic transcript and subtitles will be generated in seconds in the language you've chosen. Download and share.Translate from Persian to English online - a free and easy-to-use translation tool. Simply enter your text, and Yandex Translate will provide you with a quick and accurate translation in seconds. Try Yandex Translate for your Persian to English translations today and experience seamless communication!Turkish to Persian translation service by ImTranslator will assist you in getting an instant translation of words, phrases and texts from Turkish to Persian and other languages. Turkish to Persian Translation provides the most convenient access to online translation service powered by various machine translation engines.Ashouri‟s translation seems to be a speakable/performable translation of the play for Persian readers/audience. As Dr. Meghdadi asserts in his epilogue to Ashouri‟s translation calls it “the definitive” translation of Macbeth into Persian, either for reading or performance. As Meghdadi asserts only about 8.5 percent of Macbeth is ...Translation of material into Arabic expanded after the creation of Arabic script in the 5th century, and gained great importance with the rise of Islam and Islamic empires. Arab translation initially focused primarily on politics, rendering Persian, Greek, even Chinese and Indic diplomatic materials into Arabic.The xwâ (خوا) of Persian script is maintained in romanization. Among other reasons, the homophone verbs خواستن (to want) and خاستن (to rise) remain distinguishable. Therefore, خواستن must be entered as xwâstan and خاستن as xâstan.Other verbs having xwâ include: xwâbidan (خوابیدن), xwândan (خواندن).. Tense Names. Each language has its own …You can start typing on the text area and then click on the "Translate" button. Aryanpour robust app then translates your English word, phrase, or sentence into Persian. The … Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages. THE VERNACULAR QUR’AN TRANSLATION AND THE RISE OF PERSIAN EXEGESIS T R AV I S Z A D E H THE VERNACULAR QUR’AN This book examines how early juridical and theological debates on translatability and the nature of revelation and language informed the development of Persian translations and commentaries of the Qur’an. AVESTA . ii. Middle Persian Translations . The manuscripts transmitting the preserved Avestan texts often also include their translation into Pahlavi [PT], the Zoroastrian Middle Persian language. The ritual Avestan texts belonging to the great rituals (Yasna, Vīsparad, and Vīdēvdād) are transmitted through two different kinds of …They studied the translation of two tourist guidebooks from Persian to English to analyze the kind of strategies used by translators to translate each CSI according to Newmark (1998) and to ...Useful Persian (Farsi) phrases. A collection of useful phrases in Persian (Farsi), an Indo-Iranian language spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and a number of other countries. Jump to phrases. See these phrases in any combination of two languages in … Biography. Pouneh Shabani-Jadidi is Instructional Professor of Persian in the Department of Near Eastern Language and Civilizations at the University of Chicago, USA.She holds a Ph.D. in linguistics from the University of Ottawa, Canada (2012) as well as a Ph.D. in applied linguistics with a focus on translation from Tehran Azad University, Iran (2004). THE VERNACULAR QUR’AN TRANSLATION AND THE RISE OF PERSIAN EXEGESIS T R AV I S Z A D E H THE VERNACULAR QUR’AN This book examines how early juridical and theological debates on translatability and the nature of revelation and language informed the development of Persian translations and commentaries of the Qur’an. Shahnaz شهناز f & m Persian, Arabic, Urdu. Means "delight of the king" from Persian شاه ( shah) meaning "king" and ناز ( naz) meaning "delight, comfort, coquetry". Shahram شهرام m Persian. Means "king Ram", from Persian شاه ( shah) meaning "king" combined with the name of the Yazata Ram 3.
Jan 5, 2017 · It was a collection of poetry by Jalaluddin Rumi, the thirteenth-century Persian poet, translated by Coleman Barks. “It kind of changed my life,” Martin said later, in an interview. A track ... . Onepagecrm
Feb 13, 2020 · The poetry of Zarrin reflects the struggles and courage of an Iranian woman. She creates a personal mythology, full of surprise and discovery, that also speaks of her time and place. The poems are about love, marriage, divorce, and motherhood, as well as war, revolution, religion, oppression, and patriarchy. They include prayers, confessions ... The most popular languages for translation. Translate from Persian to English online - a free and easy-to-use translation tool. Simply enter your text, and Yandex Translate will provide you with a quick and accurate translation in seconds. Try Yandex Translate for your Persian to English translations today and experience seamless communication! Our platform provides a straightforward and user-friendly approach to translating Arabic word, sentence, and paragraph into Persian. Just input your Arabic text into the left text box or paste it, then press the space bar key or translate button to instantly obtain the precise Arabic translation in the right output box. in input text box and click Translate Button than it is translated to Persian as "سلام دوست من!". You can use our English translator to translate a whole English sentence to Persian or just a single word, you can also use English to Persian translation online tool as a personal English dictionary tool to get the meaning of Persian words. Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages.Architectural texts involve a great deal of CSIs that reflect the culture of a country. Translating these CSIs from Persian into English seems one of the key issues in the translation of architectural texts. This source-oriented descriptive study tried to investigate CSIs of the Persian architecture in order to examine the extent to which the … Translation of the Meanings of the Noble Qur'an - Persian Translation - Rowwad Translation Center - Translations’ Index Translation of the Quran meanings into Persian by the team of the Persian language in Rowwad Center in cooperation with Islamhouse.com Only a single Persian translation of the Pentateuch and another of the Gospels had been printed before the 13th/19th century. None of the Persian translations of the Bible made before that time—including some not discussed here—had become generally known. In fact, each successive translation was made without knowledge of …Abstract This study aimed at investigating the translation of address terms from Arabic text of the Quran (ST) into English as well as Persian translations (TTs) based on politeness principle.• Persian academy: Persian dictionary, words approved by the Persian language and literature Academy فرهنگستان زبان و ادب فارسی → online translation: Persian-English & other …1. Simply upload a Persian or English document and click "Translate". 2. Translate full documents to and from Persian and instantly download the result with the original layout preserved. 3. Translate Persian documents to English in multiple office formats (Word, Excel, PowerPoint, PDF, OpenOffice, text) by simply uploading them into our free ...Persian language, member of the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian language family. It is the official language of Iran, and two varieties of Persian known as Dari and Tajik are official languages in Afghanistan and Tajikistan, respectively. Modern Persian is most closely related to Middle and Old Persian, former languages of the region of ...Jan 5, 2017 · It was a collection of poetry by Jalaluddin Rumi, the thirteenth-century Persian poet, translated by Coleman Barks. “It kind of changed my life,” Martin said later, in an interview. A track ... Abstract This study aimed at investigating the translation of address terms from Arabic text of the Quran (ST) into English as well as Persian translations (TTs) based on politeness principle.2) Translation of the source metaphorical expression to non-metaphor in the target language (As shown in cases 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 6a). 3) Mistranslation (As shown in cases 2a, 2b). 4) Literal translation was the very common strategy applied by two translators in translating Persian metaphors into English.Methods: The "forward-backward" procedure was applied to translate the SpNQ from English into Persian. The SpNQ-Persian Version (SpNQ-PV) was checked in terms of validity and reliability with a convenience sample of 100 elders with chronic diseases who were recruited from the inpatient wards at two university hospitals in Qom, Iran..